529-to-Roth IRA Rollovers: What to Know

529 plans are a tool for helping families save and invest for college—but you can also use leftover 529 plan funds to help save for retirement, as well. 

It works like this: You can roll unused 529 assets—up to a lifetime limit of $35,000—into the account beneficiary's Roth IRA without incurring the usual 10% penalty for nonqualified withdrawals or generating any taxable income. 

This might come as a relief to anyone worried about having excess funds stuck in a 529 plan should the intended beneficiary not need them (say, if they opted not to attend college or chose a lower-cost school).

But could this provision prove to be something more? Could a savvy investor consider intentionally overfunding a 529 plan with an eye toward eventually building up tax-free Roth savings, either for themselves or members of their family? 

Probably not. While rollovers may be an option for those wondering what to do with unused 529 plan assets, funding a Roth isn't the primary selling point of these college saving accounts. 

Before anyone starts roping off $35,000 in their 529 plan accounts, it's important to understand the limitations on this type of rollover:

• Holding periods. The 529 plan must have been held for the designated beneficiary for at least 15 years prior to a rollover. Contributions made to the 529 plan in the last five years before distributions start—including the associated earnings—are ineligible for a tax-free rollover. Note: Changing beneficiaries may start the 15-year clock all over again (though, you can still get the normal tax benefits if you use those funds for qualifying educational expenses). The IRS has yet to provide guidance on this provision, and it isn't clear who would be responsible for any penalties if the rollover ran afoul of the rules.
• Annual limits. The rollover can't exceed the annual Roth contribution limit, which in 2025 is $7,000. So, if you wanted to roll over the entire $35,000 lifetime limit amount, you would have to do so over five years under the current contribution limits.
• Ownership. The beneficiary of the 529 plan must also be the owner of the Roth IRA, and they must have earned income at least equal to the amount of the rollover. However, the normal income limits on Roth IRAs don't apply for rollovers, so even beneficiaries with high incomes can take advantage.

Here are some things to discuss with a planning professional before queuing up a rollover:

• If you're planning to open a 529 plan for your children, consider funding different accounts for each child. As noted, changing beneficiaries may reset the 15-year waiting period on potential rollovers, so if there's any chance you might end up with leftover funds in the future, having multiple accounts could simplify rollovers.
• Consider opening a Roth IRA for the beneficiary. Regardless of whether the beneficiary's 529 plan ends up with unused funds in the future, you could still take this opportunity to contribute to a child's Roth IRA, so long as they have earned income. This would help them get started on their retirement savings at a time when their personal income tax rate is likely to be low. And it's more efficient to contribute directly instead of taking a detour into a 529 plan.
• If you're concerned about the assets in an overfunded 529 plan, you already have other options. As noted above, parents can still switch designated beneficiaries at any time and continue using a 529 plan for qualifying educational purposes. Plus, up to $10,000 of 529 plan funds can be used to pay off qualifying student loans. Finally, if the child earns a tax-free scholarship, parents can take an equivalent amount out of the 529 plan without the 10% penalty (though the earnings portion of the distributions will be taxable). 

Overall, this provision gives savers another way to put their 529 plan assets to work. But it's probably best to treat a 529-to-Roth rollover as a potential backup option, rather than a retirement-saving strategy unto itself.